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''Science'', also widely referred to as ''Science Magazine'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Science Magazine )〕 is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=AAAS – AAAS News Release )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=AAAS Annual Report-Science )〕 (AAAS) and is one of the world's top scientific journals.〔 〕 A peer-reviewed journal, it was first published in 1880, is currently circulated weekly and has a print subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is 570,400 people.〔AAAS, "(2014 ''Science'' Media Kit )"〕 The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but ''Science'' also publishes science-related news, opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology. Unlike most scientific journals, which focus on a specific field, ''Science'' and its rival ''Nature'' cover the full range of scientific disciplines. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', ''Sciences 2014 impact factor was 33.611. Although it is the journal of the AAAS, membership in the AAAS is not required to publish in ''Science''. Papers are accepted from authors around the world. Competition to publish in ''Science'' is very intense, as an article published in such a highly cited journal can lead to attention and career advancement for the authors. Fewer than 10% of articles submitted to the editors are accepted for publication and all research articles are subject to peer review before they appear in the journal. ''Science'' is based in Washington, D.C., United States, with a second office in Cambridge, England. ==History== ''Science'' was founded by New York journalist John Michaels in 1880 with financial support from Thomas Edison and later from Alexander Graham Bell. However, the magazine never gained enough subscribers to succeed and ended publication in March 1882. Entomologist Samuel H. Scudder resurrected the journal one year later and had some success while covering the meetings of prominent American scientific societies, including the AAAS.〔AAAS, "(150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS Origins: 1848–1899 )", 2004〕 However, by 1894, ''Science'' was again in financial difficulty and was sold to psychologist James McKeen Cattell for $500. In an agreement worked out by Cattell and AAAS secretary Leland O. Howard, ''Science'' became the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900.〔AAAS, "(150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS AAAS and Science: 1900–1940 )", 2004〕 During the early part of the 20th century important articles published in ''Science'' included papers on fruit fly genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan, gravitational lensing by Albert Einstein, and spiral nebulae by Edwin Hubble.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=AAAS and Science: 1900–1940 )〕 After Cattell died in 1944, the ownership of the journal was transferred to the AAAS.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=AAAS – History and Archives )〕 After Cattell's death, the magazine lacked a consistent editorial presence until Graham DuShane became editor in 1956. In 1958, under DuShane's leadership, ''Science'' absorbed ''The Scientific Monthly'', thus increasing the journal's circulation by over 60% from 38,000 to more than 61,000.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title= AAAS and the Maturing of American Science: 1941–1970 )〕 Physicist Philip Abelson, a co-discoverer of neptunium, served as editor from 1962 to 1984. Under Abelson the efficiency of the review process was improved and the publication practices were brought up to date.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title= AAAS and the Maturing of American Science: 1941–1970 )〕 During this time, papers on the Apollo program missions and some of the earliest reports on AIDS were published.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title= Change and Continuity: 1971 to the Present )〕 Biochemist Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. served as editor from 1985 until 1995. From 1995 until 2000, neuroscientist Floyd E. Bloom held that position.〔 Biologist Donald Kennedy became the editor of ''Science'' in 2000. Biochemist Bruce Alberts took his place in March 2008. Geophysicist Marcia McNutt became editor-in-chief in June 2013. In February 2001, draft results of the human genome were simultaneously published by ''Nature'' and ''Science'' with ''Science'' publishing the Celera Genomics paper and ''Nature'' publishing the publicly funded Human Genome Project. In 2007 ''Science ''(together with ''Nature'') received the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity.〔(Journal Science ). Fundacionprincipedeasturias.org. Retrieved on 2013-06-20.〕 In 2015 Rush D. Holt, Jr., chief executive officer of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and executive publisher of ''Science'', stated that the journal was becoming increasingly international: “()nternationally co-authored papers are now the norm—they represent almost 60 percent of the papers. In 1992, it was slightly less than 20 percent.” 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「science journal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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